Prosperity of Germany and advancement cannot be completely measured by statistics

Prosperity of Germany and advancement cannot be completely measured by statistics. Nobody can predict, what it will be, as it is partially based on elements from which unfortunately other countries did not take a lot of account. [105] Germany turns attention to practical formation of its people than any another
The nation in the world. Its system of a technical education is stretched on the whole empire, and provides the technical instruction for each class of people and for each employment of evening schools of people for already involved in life work, agricultural schools, forestry schools, business schools, extracting schools, naval schools, and schools in each branch of a manufacturing industry, besides, certainly, schools for formation of what intend to follow the studied trades. As consequence of it very much the general condition of a technical education, in German industrial prosecution the class of the workers who have been not found at seminars of any other compatriots of industrial skill and experience, and at the same time the highest scientific technical achievements in branches of a science which have especially for their work there is occupied. These men work over salaries which in other countries would consider ridiculously low. In almost all other countries possession of sound scientific formation - the passport to social distinction, and each trade is opened for it who has the right to enter into it. In Germany, however, the studied trades, and especially official positions of army and fleet, are almost exclusive reserves of those who is born to the social category. The formed simple person, therefore, should find a shelter directly to make, trade, or trade. From this follows, that scientific skill and investigation extend in German commercial industries than in that of all other nations more widely. While, however, the German handicraftsman equal in its special technical skill was not firmer the specialised English competitor, and as consequence of it, it is more than one sixth full import of Germany consists of the goods brought from England mainly finer kind of textile fabrics [106] and article gland
And a steel. This inferiority in specialisation in German workers cannot long proceed, and the successful competition of Germany to industrial advantage of the Great Britain can is fast to be the tremendous fact.
MINES OF GERMANY AND MANUFACTURING OF HARDWARE

We have learnt in last lesson, that commercial projects are used to facilitate a collection of

We have learnt in last lesson, that commercial projects are used to facilitate a collection of accounts. [32] they - simply formal requirements of payment
From lawful debts. When these formal requirements are made on foreign debtors, them name bills; and process of purchase and sale of these projects, projects directly, and fluctuations in the price, all are included in the general exchange of the name.
Foreign currency.

Bonds are let out against all conceivable kinds of securities

Bonds are let out against all conceivable kinds of securities. Not only that properties of many kinds are used to let out bonds on, but it is a lot of kinds of bonds, often are issued on the same properties. It is especially true for railways, where various kinds often knees and imposing in almost infinite disorder.
FALL OF FUNDS

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire. Though it is located on a hand of delta of Ganges, eighty miles in the country, Calcutta - huge seaport, but its seaworthy privileges can be supported only great machine-building factory, because of the silt, which Ganges constantly reduces and brings in aside exhausting channels. Calcutta possesses almost monopoly of the whole trade of valleys of Ganges and , and to a building of Suez canal, at it was almost monopoly of trade directed outside of the whole peninsula of Hindustan. Its full trade is even nevertheless very big, incorporating for and internal business directed outside together approximately 700 000 000$ in a year, the sum which can be appreciated from the fact, that it about equal to full trade in import of all United States. Bombay (822 000), the second city of the Indian Empire, owe the popularity to three things: (1) opening of Suez canal which has made it port of India the closest England; (2) start of the industry growing up a clap in India, owing to the American civil war (a growing up clap the area of India is adjacent with Bombay); and (3) development of railway system of India which does Bombay, instead of Calcutta a natural ocean exit for trade [138] country. Madras (453 000), the third city
India, also the third seaport. But it does not have any natural harbour, and its coast is broken by a surf and within many months together exposed full fury of northeast monsoons. The artificial harbour, however, has been recently constructed. Besides cities, aforementioned, there is one (Hyderabad) with the population more than 400 000; there are two (Lucknow and Benares) with the population more than 150 000 everyone, and eleven more with the population more than 100 000 everyone. There is besides forty seven cities with the population more than 50 000 everyone, and more than one thousand cities with the population approximately 10 000 everyone.
[139]
VII. TRADING FEATURES OF PORCELAIN
IMMENSITY OF AREA OF PORCELAIN AND THE POPULATION

Double corporation of responsibility - in what, in default, shareholders further responsible for

Double corporation of responsibility - in what, in default, shareholders further responsible for the quantity equal to their subscriptions. All national banks double the responsibility companies. If A the stock at a rate of 5000$ in [54] national bank belongs, and the bank suffers failure, it loses the stock; and if bank debts
Big it can be obliged to pay a part or to all additional 5000$.
XVI. BONDS

When France will be in comparison with other countries concerning commercial development and

When France will be in comparison with other countries concerning commercial development and advancement, results will be in almost each specific turn, adverse to France. For example, since end of Napoleonic wars eighty three years ago, which national trade of the Great Britain while that from France only has trebled. In end ex German war France made eighteen percent. In front of Germany in the power of carrying over of its shipment. Now Germany of seventy [97] percent. In front of France in this respect. But it needs to be remembered, that ex German war cost France in army
Expenses and in indemnification the sum than 3,250,000,000$ is not less. The effect of those huge expenses on nation prosperity can be estimated in one comparison. Since that war annual average savings in the inhabitant in France have made 17$. During the same period annual average savings in the inhabitant in the Great Britain have made 19.50$. That war has not occurred, average annual savings in the inhabitant in France will make 21.50$. To put it briefly, no people in Europe are comparable to working classes of the French people in thrift and development, and because of this feature if France well operated its prosperity would be equal to that from any country in the world, and it will be so in spite of the fact that the account of interest of France imposes the tax 6.50$ in a year on each inhabitant of the country.
Street scene in Paris, showing to Stock exchange.
[98]
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN FRANCE

The joint-stock companies - somewhat corporations, but at name corporation are in its general

The joint-stock companies - somewhat corporations, but at name corporation are in its general statement wider value. The state corporations - what are created only for public interest as cities, cities, districts, colleges, etc. Private corporations are created in full or in part for monetary benefit of participants, as the railway companies, banks, etc. the Corporate bodies, which participants at discretion fill all vacancies occurring in their membership on record, sometimes name the closed joint-stock companies. In this country [52] power to be corporation is the privilege which can exist only
Through a legislature.

London costs almost in the centre of a surface of the earth of globe

London costs almost in the centre of a surface of the earth of globe. Its situation, therefore, extremely adapts it to be the great centre of trade in the world - great centre value of distribution of products in the world. Its vessels can go to the most distant parts of the earth, and, loading their directly natural products of these parts, can bring it in its docks without division of cargo parties into smaller parties, bring them there for assortment, and then clean them again to other parts of the earth, and make it more economically than vessels almost any other port in the world. But the big reason consists in being found in the fact, that within many centuries the British people pursued the certain policy of manufacturing, trade, and trade, and had good luck to face that policy to a lesser degree than any other nation in the world war destroying trade, either internal or external. And every time when the Great Britain was in external wars, its fleet was able protect its commercial interests. London, being capital of kingdom and its main place of trade, has naturally received the basic benefit from these many [73] years of the peace industry and trade. Then, again, London is favorably adapted to exchange
Respect to its own country. It is the seaport, sixty miles in the country, and it is connected by ship canals with all other manufacture of the head and country commercial centres. Its railway services, also, are so full, that there is no factory city in the whole island which is not within fifteen hours after from it. Then, also, the specific configuration of a coastal line of the Great Britain does each point on island within an hour or two of the car from seaport. At last, all British seaports are in trading communication with London service of coasting navigation incomparable in the world for cheapness, completeness, and efficiency. In a word, London costs not only in the centre of a surface of the earth of globe, but also and in a commercial centre of its own house territory that is within easy reach and waterway and the earth of all trade and manufacture of interests of people which within many centuries were leaders in commercial both a manufacturing industry and the enterprise.
THE COMMERCIAL POLICY OF THE GREAT BRITAIN

Parity of currency of any two means of the countries, among dealers, equivalence of certain amount

Parity of currency of any two means of the countries, among dealers, equivalence of certain amount (coin) currency of that in (coin) the currency of another, assuming currencies and to have exact weight and the cleanliness established by corresponding mints. An exchange nominal rate between the Great Britain and the United States 4.862? 3; that is? 1 sterling costs 4.862$? 3. The exchange is specified daily in New York and other city newspapers at 4.87, 4.88, 4.88?, Etc., for accounts of a kind and on higher norm for six-ten-day accounts. Business men who are accustomed to supervision of fluctuations in exchange rates to use quotations as some kind of a barometre to predict trading conditions. Import and ingot export (nonfictional gold) are the real test of an exchange. If the ingot is not constant, flowing neither in, nor from the country, its exchanges as can really speak, face value; And on the other hand, if the ingot is exported from the country, it is the proof, that an exchange against it; and on the contrary if there to be the big import.

In municipal corporations in the United States participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone

In municipal corporations in the United States participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone stops to be the participant when it moves from a city or a city while each new inhabitant becomes the participant when [227] according to the law it becomes the allocated right to privileges of local citizenship. In the corporations created for
Earnings of their interests of participants are presented by actions which can be transferred their owners, and the representative becomes the allocated right to the rights to membership when transfer is registered; and if the owner dies, its personal representative becomes the participant now. In such corporations also divides, can be sold in satisfaction of debts against their owners.
ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS AND JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES ON ASSOCIATIONS

The general papers of transportation familiar to all consignors, (1) navigable receipt, (2)

The general papers of transportation familiar to all consignors, (1) navigable receipt, (2) waybill, (3) waybill.

Bonds are let out against all conceivable kinds of securities

Bonds are let out against all conceivable kinds of securities. Not only that properties of many kinds are used to let out bonds on, but it is a lot of kinds of bonds, often are issued on the same properties. It is especially true for railways, where various kinds often knees and imposing in almost infinite disorder.
FALL OF FUNDS

Hongkong (245 000) is the small island belonging to the Great Britain, the River of the Canton

Hongkong (245 000) is the small island belonging to the Great Britain, the River of the Canton located in a mouth, seventy five miles from the Canton city. Its population is made mainly Chineses who have been involved there by its trading privileges. The British population - only 13 000, even including garrison 2800. Almost whole population lives in the capital, [147], Victoria, for the island is a fruitless rock. Forty four percent. From foreign total
Trade of China passes through Hongkong. Its harbour - one of the finest in the world. It has magnificent docks. Its port is completely free, and there is even no customs. It is calculated, that the foreign trade spent by its dealers, makes 100 000 000$ in a year, exclusive from this, that passes through its port without division of cargo parties into smaller parties. All extensive export trade of China in silk and tea is substantially processed by firms Hongkong. Which other consumer goods Hongkong - the main shopping centre of China, opium, a flour, salt, earthen, oil, a clap, both the cotton goods and the woollen goods which it imports from other countries and exports to China; and sugar, rice, amber, the tree, an ivory, and which it imports from China and exports to other countries. Its trade is not limited by the Great Britain, but includes France, Germany, the United States, and all other countries-participants of foreign trade. But it is final at the Great Britain there is the greatest action.
[148]
VIII. TRADING FEATURES OF JAPAN
VARNISH THE GREAT BRITAIN ASIA

Despite resources of Russia in products of a farm and in minerals, nevertheless, owing to ignorance

Despite resources of Russia in products of a farm and in minerals, nevertheless, owing to ignorance and degradation of its people, it - the bad country, and its export always - is more than its import. Its full riches in the inhabitant make only 305$, in comparison with 780$ on the inhabitant for [125] Germany, 1260$ for France, and
1510$ for the Great Britain and Ireland. Its full foreign trade makes only 5$ on the inhabitant whereas foreign trade of its neighbour, Germany, makes 35$ on the inhabitant. Its full domestic trade makes only 50$ on the inhabitant whereas even in Greece domestic trade makes 65$ on the inhabitant while in Germany it is 130$ on the inhabitant, and in 215$ on the inhabitant of the United States. The reason of all of it is shortage of energy and the industry in people. Their income in an average of the inhabitant only 12 cents a day. Other reason - shortage of modern household appliances. Comparing the inhabitant with the inhabitant, at Russia is only the one sixth steam power which Germany has. One half of all the countries is made in the country that is, without the driving power or cars. Any industry in Russia not completely to requirements of people when it is estimated under standards of other countries. For example, despite gravity of the climate, only two pounds of a crude wool in the inhabitant are consumed in woollen Russia, in comparison with seven pounds consumed in Germany, and full annual value of all makes only 20$ on the inhabitant, in comparison with 56$ in Germany, and 88$ in the Great Britain. Despite these adverse comparisons, do successes factory industries of Russia. In seventy years cotton-mills have increased and in thirty double years. In sixty years the cotton manufacturing industry has increased sevenfold, and in fifteen double years. Until recently Russia exported a wool. Now it imports more wool, than it exports. Ninety years ago in Russia iron was more expensive than bread, and peasants used wooden actions of a plough and have left their horses shoeless. Now consumption of hardware though still in the inhabitant the least in Europe, is nevertheless in aggregate the fourth in Europe though even in this case it - only two ninth, that it is in the Great Britain. [126] creation of sugar of the Beet - also the new industry, and 500 000 tons are made annually, number
The sugar works which are 235. The crop of a beet of the country makes almost 6 000 000 tons annually. But sugar consumption in the inhabitant makes only seven pounds annually, in comparison with eighteen pounds on the inhabitant in Germany. The universal industry everywhere across Russia - , and a skin of Russia, with its fragrant oil a birch aroma, is highly expensive goods all over the world. But the made quantity makes only 114 000 tons annually, and the exported quantity is insignificant.
RAILWAYS OF RUSSIA AND THE NAVIGABLE RIVERS

As any other tool of the credit, a waybill can be deposited with the creditor as safety for money

As any other tool of the credit, a waybill can be deposited with the creditor as safety for money has promoted (or it can be transferred the buyer) means , and the property or the goods will be thus or are put in pawn or appointed. Operating on this principle, the consignor declares in a waybill, that it is necessary to put the goods to , or it appoints. When the consignor is incapable to insert a name when the waybill is disassembled, the account to order is made in what, the name is replaced according to the order of the consignor of words, or easier to order; it thus the understood, which goods it would be necessary to put whom gifts, in mission point, a waybill properly confirmed with the consignor. According to such simple arrangement as the account, to order to the dealer allow to sell the goods while they in the sea, or in ways, and cargo of the goods can pass to other owner some times before to arrive to its destination.

Between commercial and savings banks there is no conflict

Between commercial and savings banks there is no conflict. Actually, a considerable quantity of commercial banks of the country allow interest on average balances and constant deposits of the same manner as savings banks. First of all the savings bank creates riches while the commercial bank addresses with it; savings banks are creative while commercial banks are administrative. The purpose of savings bank consists in collecting money and to invest it safely and thus to make profit for the investor; the purpose of commercial bank consists in giving money in the fixed expenses and thus to make profit for establishment. Former opens its doors in rescuers, the last to borrowers. Everyone serves, receiving and holding and another, giving. The savings bank aspires to do rescuers of men just as manufacturers. It offers the help strong who can consult well, to weak and not skilled. If 5 000 000 investors of savings to [223] United States
Should hide their own savings, almost 2 000 000 000$ will be withdrawn from circulation. The savings bank invests the money. Its managers - as a rule the intellectual men, competent to make safe investments into firm securities. The best savings banks are conservative and do not encourage the assumption.

The illustration on page 8 shows the check carefully and correctly delayed

The illustration on page 8 shows the check carefully and correctly delayed. The signature should be in your usual style familiar to the paying cashier. Sign the name the same way all time. Have the characteristic signature, so familiar to your friends as your person.

[56]

At various times the government of the United States has let out bonds to release exchequer
[56]
At various times the government of the United States has let out bonds to release exchequer. These bonds are absolutely safe and are always market. The registered bonds have a name of the registered buyer; not registered bonds - the check payable to bearer. Municipal bonds are let out by cities and other municipalities to lift money for local improvements. If appropriate precautions are taken by buyers, municipal securities can be considered among the most safe and the majority of remunerating investments.

When the railway company, either a city or any other corporation wish to borrow money, it is usual

When the railway company, either a city or any other corporation wish to borrow money, it is usual practice to let out tools of the credit named bonds. The obligation means something, that connects. Bonds have the same relation to resources of corporation by which do to real estate.

Japan consists of group of the islands located on the east of continent of Asia, a little as

Japan consists of group of the islands located on the east of continent of Asia, a little as British isles are located on the West of continent of Europe. But islands of Japan have a volcanic origin and are very numerous. There, as speak, 4223 from them. However, there are only four which have the important size, and it - they of which usually think when about Japan speak. The area of these four islands makes 147 655 miles which is almost one quarter more than that from the Great Britain and Ireland. The population (census 1895) 42 270 620 which is 4 000 000 more than that from the Great Britain and Ireland. The population in square mile 286, which though big, is not absolutely so big as that from the Great Britain. If, however, we do not consider northern island (Yezo) which is still partially occupied by not civilised natives, the population in square mile 375 which is considerably moreover from China and the Great Britain and Ireland though it is still considerable less than that from one only England. Aforementioned statistical data do not include island of Formosa (area of 13 500 miles, the population almost 2 000 000) which has been transferred from [149] China to Japan in 1895, in end of last Paper -
The Japanese war.
REMARKABLE TRANSFORMATION OF JAPAN

HERE distinction between use of trade of names and business

HERE distinction between use of trade of names and business. The exchange of products and made articles between the countries, or even between various sections of the same country, is usually mentioned as trade. The term business concerns in more details our business relations in the house that is, in our own city or a city. Sometimes this name is used in connection with a specific product, as coal business or wood business, or in connection with a specific class, as business of dry goods or groceries business. Name trade, however, seldom supposes the limited statement. In trade of the United States it is synonymous with business. Word movement is applied more especially to transportation than to an exchange of products; thus we address to movement of the railway or lake movement. Products when considered by trade articles, name the goods, the goods, the equipment. The term the goods has the widest value, and includes all kinds of the mobile articles bought or sold. The goods are applied in more details to deliveries of the dealer. The equipment is usually applied to ware, as glasswares, hardware, etc.

To be the addressee of the valuable information given by these men of business of agencies,

To be the addressee of the valuable information given by these men of business of agencies, bringing an annual payment, are registered as subscribers and are supplied by books of estimations as them name. Besides this book special typewritten messages with difficult details, respecting [260] credit of firm are sent on
Inquiry of the subscriber. The volume of the information registered in these agencies concerning any credit, is received through effort of officials of the agencies known as reporters. These skilled people, integrity, and an insight - searching after trues. Usually each reporter has an excellent line of trade, appointed to it for research and research. It brings to it in a close acquaintance with each dealer in its specific area. He is a Charge d"Affaires avec lettres of the banker and the dealer for the facts. Its business should not collect simply the information, respecting resources of business men but to investigate hearings which in itself can be harmful to the credit, and deny them where only probably and to sustain and support the house credit. Too often it is supposed, that the reporter searches for weakness certificates, when actually its business - most often business of detection of elements of force. Information freely give it as he interviews the men which firms and event - storehouses for riches of the information of the credit. It it becomes fast the authorised representative of the dealer directly which not only says it everything, that he knows about clients and their accounts after its books, but its own business affairs also. Really, the relation becomes so very mutual, that the reporter often supplies the information to the dealer in interview on some question of the credit of the urgent notice. Thus acknowledgement of the facts or a hearing refutation can be made. He examines books of offices of the public report to find the certificate , judgements, and property transfers and to make record of the same on agency books. It is a reporter who at last has collected the information which defines ability of firm to have and hold a credit line.

If you wish to stop payment of the check which you have let out, you should notify bank at once,

If you wish to stop payment of the check which you have let out, you should notify bank at once, giving the full information.

Two examples of bills are resulted in this lesson

Two examples of bills are resulted in this lesson. Everyone is involved in a double copy. The original is sold [37] or sent abroad while the duplicate is kept
As a guarantee against original loss. When to everyone pay another, has no value. Notice similarity between bills as shown here and commercial projects as shown in our last lesson.

The European governments which had a property in Africa, all made all efforts to suppress slavish

The European governments which had a property in Africa, all made all efforts to suppress slavish movement. But they could not make very salutary steps to this management, not carrying out the power out of territorial limits which they as it was supposed, have occupied. Gradually, for these reasons, and also for the reason, that all of them aspired to expand their commercial business relations in Africa, they have started to carry out the power out of their old-fashioned territorial limits. Thus has begun establishment from the European nations of that is known as 'influence spheres' in Africa. In the first England and France there were unique nations which were in general active in an establishment of these spheres of influence. Later Germany and Italy and other nations have started to establish them also. Beginning, therefore, in the course of time, 1883 and 1884 there were the general establishment and gradual expansion of these spheres till now, the whole continent has been actually distributed among several European powers.
[159]
THE BIG DIVISION OF AFRICA
Division of Africa.

Checks should be numbered, so that everyone could be made

Checks should be numbered, so that everyone could be made. Numbers for your convenience instead of to convenience of bank. It is important, that your check-book is correctly kept, so that you could tell at any time, how many money you have in bank. [245] in the end of each month yours
The small bankbook needs to be left in bank so that the bookkeeper could counterbalance it. It can happen, that your bankbook will show balance than your check-book. You will understand it if both have been correctly kept, that there are outstanding checks which have not been presented yet in your bank of payment. You can learn, which they, checking the paid checks which have been returned to you with your bankbook. Unpaied cheques so that your actual balance was that is shown by your check-book at any time can be presented. Checks should be presented for payment as soon after date as far as possible.
THE CERTIFIED CHECKS
The bank account.

Safety, at the best is relative only; there is no absolute safety for a part for twenty dollars

Safety, at the best is relative only; there is no absolute safety for a part for twenty dollars which the person has in the pocket, whether it is in the street, at its office, or its own home. To us remind, that " the riches take to itself wings and that " thieves break and steal. " No savings bank can hold money near at hand or bring them or lend them with absolute safety. All rather. It is feature of money, that each dollar demands supervision; the general supervision is not enough; hence happens so, that safety of monetary establishments depends on ability and honesty of those in the control, instead of on adherence to any rules. Any arch corrected cannot be accepted, which will connect dishonest men, it will give indemnification in the absence of experience and ability of the fair.

Заклады on the improved property if it is properly diplomaed in quantity, should be safe and

on the improved property if it is properly diplomaed in quantity, should be safe and favourable investments. The buyer, however, should carry out the big care and good judgement. There should be there an arrangement between the agent of a loan and the land owner, money has promoted, can be substantially over actual value of the property. Villages with less than a building of a dozen often - sites of the investment companies engaged in commerce under pretentious names and offering to the investment in interest rates which local conditions are impossible. One of devices of these initiative companies should offer their own guarantees and concerning the head and rather [236] interest of all about which they agree. The investor should be convinced of two things: (1) safety
The head, and (2) regularity in interest payment. There is a big danger of non-payment from the reasons which are not expected by the debtor under the mortgage and over which it has no control.
STOCKS AS SECURITIES

Notice illustrations

Notice illustrations. The notice of the protest to the left of Number 1, 2, and 4 is intended for the bank representing the project for payment. The reason for this purpose will be completely explained in our lesson on a paper to which object. (See XIII.), Number 2 shows the approved project which is subject to payment to the order of bank in a city on which it is delayed. Number 1 is subject to payment to the bank order in a box city. Number 3 is the project of the kind which is subject to payment to the order of bank and accepted subject payment in bank. Number 4 is the urgent bill of exchange which is subject to payment to 'to us is direct' - that is, the Metallurgical company of Pennsylvania.

Fishery of Gulf С-Lawrence and the small waters adjoining on Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, has

Fishery of Gulf -Lawrence and the small waters adjoining on Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, has within many centuries, the most productive in the world. The Canadian fishing interest in these waters is very big. The cod, a mackerel, a haddock, a halibut, a herring, smelts, and a salmon, is the basic fish, and annual 'capture' makes approximately 15 000 000$. Value for approximately 2 500 000$ , trout of a salmon, a herring, pickerel, and a sturgeon is made annually from the Canadian lakes. Annually fishes of a salmon of the rivers and the big sea entrance apertures of British [191] Colombia cause 4 500 000$.
Approximately one half of full product is exported to the Great Britain and the United States.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF CANADA

Australia - continent not only on the name, but also actually

Australia - continent not only on the name, but also actually. Its area, including Tasmania, makes almost 3 000 000 square miles which is about area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, and only approximately one quarter has less than area of continent of Europe. Completely two fifth this lie of area within a hot zone, and the others, even to Victoria, a part, the most distant from equator, a climate so , that it corresponds that from Spain, southern France, and Italy. But on so extensive territory the big distinctions of a climate should occur, and therefore products also. The general description of a climate and products of Australia therefore are impossible. Nevertheless there are some features which belong to the whole continent. Their head (1) big drought of atmosphere - it is not simple its shortage of a rain, but its absolute freedom from humidity; (2) remarkable inequality, or the regularity, in a downpour want. Sometimes the downpour is excessive, but more frequent and serious reason of trouble - an excessive drought. The continent on each party has a low area of coast where the downpour is heavier also temperature, in general hotter than in a corresponding interior of a plateau to it. But the extensive plateau of an interior has rather small rain, and is valid in some parts of it, especially in the centre and the West, the downpour is so small, that the country - actually desert.

When bonds are let out to lift and place in one fund all earlier let out mortgages, new bonds

When bonds are let out to lift and place in one fund all earlier let out mortgages, new bonds sometimes name incorporated mortgages. Holders before the let out bonds are not obliged to exchange them for any new securities.

Trade in import of Southern Africa while consists almost of all necessary inhabitants except meat,

Trade in import of Southern Africa while consists almost of all necessary inhabitants except meat, a flour, vegetables, and fruit as is not present for the present almost any . The basic export: (1) gold, 60 000 000$ in a year, including it from ; (2) diamonds, 22 500 000$; (3) wool, 12 500 000$; (4) mohairs, hair of the Angora goat, 3 000 000$; (5) ostrich feathers, more than 2 500 000$; (6) disappears also skin, 2 200 000$; and (7) copper ore, 1 250 000$. Export of wine and fruit for which manufacture to the country so well satisfy, and also grains, is insignificant.
SHIPMENT OF PORTS AND RAILWAYS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

The bank account - simply check of bank, its caught up deposit with some other bank

The bank account - simply check of bank, its caught up deposit with some other bank. Banks sell these checks to their clients, and dealers do big use of them in payment of accounts in the remote cities. These projects, or checks of cashiers as them sometimes name, pass as cash somewhere within limits distances of the centre of money on which they are involved. Projects of bankers on New York, under usual financial conditions, would consider as cash somewhere in the United States. The project on foreign bank usually name the bill.
The check for project purchase.

Victoria, least of the Australian colonies, had until recently the greatest population (June 1897,

Victoria, least of the Australian colonies, had until recently the greatest population (June 1897, 1 177 304) and also the greatest trade. In both relations, however, it is surpassed now by the New Southern Wales. Victoria owed its last advantage to its gold manufacture. Gold was revealed in a colony in 1851, and for many years production of a precious mineral made not less than 50 000 000$ in a year. Existing production of gold in Victoria, however, makes only 10 000 000$ in a year. Richer, however, than gold mines of Victoria abundance of its soil. The soil most part is extremely fertile - with one of the finest soils having fruit in the world. The wood vegetation of the country is magnificent. Trees of thirty foots in diameter raise to height of 200 foots without a unique lateral branch, and then 100 foots to on 200 foots above still. Pear trees grow to height of eight-ten foots, with trunks of three foots in diameter. But for the present wool growth, wheat lifting, and grapevine growth - the basic agricultural employment of people. The basic agricultural export - 25,000,000$ a wool value in a year. But the considerable part of it arrives from the New Southern Wales. Sheep held number 15 000 000, horned livestock 2 000 000. But the colony still remains mainly extracting community. The five ninth population live in cities. Nevertheless there are a few cities, and two fifth whole population, live Melbourn-a in a city of almost precisely such size, as Boston.
[170]
MELBOURN